diff --git a/debian.cfg b/debian.cfg
index 998b581..94c8933 100644
--- a/debian.cfg
+++ b/debian.cfg
@@ -102,15 +102,20 @@ d-i preseed/early_command string \
     hostname="$(grep -o 'extra\.deb_hostname=[^ ]*' /proc/cmdline | cut -d= -f2)"; \
     debconf-set mirror/http/hostname "$hostname"
 
+# debian 11 initrd 没有 xargs awk
+# debian 12 initrd 没有 xargs
 d-i partman/early_command string \
     confhome="$(grep -o 'extra\.confhome=[^ ]*' /proc/cmdline | cut -d= -f2)"; \
     swapfile=/target/swapfile; \
     postinst=/var/lib/dpkg/info/bootstrap-base.postinst; \
 
     cp $postinst $postinst.orig; \
-    echo "fallocate -l 384M $swapfile; mkswap $swapfile; swapon $swapfile; $postinst.orig" >$postinst; \
 
-    echo "swapoff $swapfile; rm $swapfile" >/usr/lib/finish-install.d/95swapoff; \
+    mem=$(grep ^MemTotal: /proc/meminfo | { read x y z; echo $y; }); \
+    mem=$((mem / 1024)); \
+    swap_size=$((512 - mem)); \
+    [ $swap_size -gt 0 ] && echo "fallocate -l ${swap_size}M $swapfile; mkswap $swapfile; swapon $swapfile; $postinst.orig" >$postinst; \
+    echo "swapoff -a; rm -f $swapfile" >/usr/lib/finish-install.d/95swapoff; \
     chmod a+x /usr/lib/finish-install.d/95swapoff; \
 
     xda=$(wget --tries=5 $confhome/get-xda.sh -O- | sh -s); \
@@ -122,6 +127,7 @@ d-i partman/early_command string \
     debconf-set debian-installer/add-kernel-opts "$ttys"; \
 
     kernel="$(grep -o 'extra\.kernel=[^ ]*' /proc/cmdline | cut -d= -f2)"; \
+    . /can_use_cloud_kernel.sh || kernel=$(echo "$kernel" | sed 's/-cloud//'); \
     debconf-set base-installer/kernel/image "$kernel"; \
 
     [ -d /sys/firmware/efi ] && debconf-set partman-auto/expert_recipe "$(debconf-get partman-auto/expert_recipe_efi)"; \
diff --git a/reinstall.sh b/reinstall.sh
index 62221ed..b1a08b6 100644
--- a/reinstall.sh
+++ b/reinstall.sh
@@ -1875,7 +1875,8 @@ mod_initrd_debian() {
         db_progress START 0 5 debian-installer/netcfg/title
 
         # 找到主网卡
-        # debian 11 initrd 没有 awk
+        # debian 11 initrd 没有 xargs awk
+        # debian 12 initrd 没有 xargs
         if false; then
             iface=$(ip -o link | grep "@mac_addr" | awk '{print $2}' | cut -d: -f1)
         else
@@ -1994,14 +1995,16 @@ expand_packages() {
 }
 EOF
 
+    # https://github.com/linuxhw/LsPCI?tab=readme-ov-file#storageata-pci
     # https://debian.pkgs.org/12/debian-main-amd64/linux-image-6.1.0-18-cloud-amd64_6.1.76-1_amd64.deb.html
-    # scsi-core-modules 是 ata-modules 的依赖，包含 sd_mod.ko scsi_mod.ko
-    # ata-modules       是下方模块的依赖，Priority 是 optional。只有 ata_generic.ko 和 libata.ko 两个驱动
+    # 以下是 debian-installer 有的驱动，这些驱动云内核不一定都有，(+)表示有
+    # scsi-core-modules 是 ata-modules 的依赖，包含 sd_mod.ko(+) scsi_mod.ko(+)
+    # ata-modules       是下方模块的依赖，Priority 是 optional。只有 ata_generic.ko(+) 和 libata.ko(+) 两个驱动
     # pata-modules      里面的驱动都是 pata_ 开头
-    #                   但只有 pata_legacy.ko 在云内核中
-    # sata-modules      里面的驱动大部分是 sata_ 开头的，其他重要的还有 ahci.ko ata_piix.ko libahci.ko
+    #                   但只有 pata_legacy.ko(+) 在云内核中
+    # sata-modules      里面的驱动大部分是 sata_ 开头的，其他重要的还有 ahci.ko libahci.ko ata_piix.ko(+)
     #                   云内核没有 sata 模块，也没有内嵌，有一个 CONFIG_SATA_HOST=y，libata-$(CONFIG_SATA_HOST)	+= libata-sata.o
-    # scsi-modules      包含 virtio_scsi.ko virtio_blk.ko
+    # scsi-modules      包含 virtio_scsi.ko(+) virtio_blk.ko(+)
 
     download_and_extract_udeb() {
         package=$1
@@ -2045,6 +2048,27 @@ EOF
         )
     }
 
+    can_use_cloud_kernel() {
+        # xen 是 vbd
+        # 有些虚拟机用了 ahci，但云内核没有 ahci 驱动
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2317
+        get_disk_controller | grep -Ewq \
+            'ata_generic|ata_piix|pata_legacy|nvme|virtio_blk|virtio_scsi|vbd|hv_storvsc|vmw_pvscsi'
+    }
+
+    # 在 debian installer 中判断能否用云内核
+    cat <<EOF >can_use_cloud_kernel.sh
+        get_disk_controller(){
+            $(get_function_content get_disk_controller)
+        }
+
+        can_use_cloud_kernel(){
+            $(get_function_content can_use_cloud_kernel)
+        }
+
+        can_use_cloud_kernel
+EOF
+
     # 提前下载 fdisk
     # 因为 fdisk-udeb 包含 fdisk 和 sfdisk，提前下载可减少占用
     mkdir_clear $tmp/fdisk
@@ -2062,9 +2086,10 @@ EOF
         for driver in $(get_disk_controller); do
             echo "using driver: $driver"
             case $driver in
-            nvme | virtio_blk | virtio_scsi | hv_storvsc) extra_drivers+=" $driver" ;;
+            # xen 是 vbd
+            nvme | virtio_blk | virtio_scsi | vbd | hv_storvsc | vmw_pvscsi) extra_drivers+=" $driver" ;;
             pata_legacy) sed -i '/^pata-modules/d' $net_retriever ;;
-            pata_* | sata_* | ahci) error_and_exit "Debain cloud kernel does not support this driver: $driver" ;;
+            pata_* | sata_* | ahci) error_and_exit "Debian cloud kernel does not support this driver: $driver" ;;
             esac
         done
 
diff --git a/trans.sh b/trans.sh
index 9dd9356..85cc132 100644
--- a/trans.sh
+++ b/trans.sh
@@ -493,7 +493,8 @@ is_need_manual_set_dnsv6() {
 }
 
 get_current_dns_v4() {
-    # debian 11 initrd 没有 awk
+    # debian 11 initrd 没有 xargs awk
+    # debian 12 initrd 没有 xargs
     if false; then
         grep '^nameserver' /etc/resolv.conf | awk '{print $2}' | grep '\.'
     else
@@ -502,7 +503,8 @@ get_current_dns_v4() {
 }
 
 get_current_dns_v6() {
-    # debian 11 initrd 没有 awk
+    # debian 11 initrd 没有 xargs awk
+    # debian 12 initrd 没有 xargs
     if false; then
         grep '^nameserver' /etc/resolv.conf | awk '{print $2}' | grep ':'
     else
@@ -3002,6 +3004,7 @@ refind_main_disk() {
         main_disk=$(sfdisk --disk-id /dev/$xda | sed 's/0x//')
     else
         apk add lsblk
+        # main_disk=$(blkid --match-tag PTUUID -o value /dev/$xda)
         main_disk=$(lsblk --nodeps -rno PTUUID /dev/$xda)
     fi
 }
@@ -3015,6 +3018,9 @@ get_ubuntu_kernel_flavor() {
     # https://github.com/canonical/cloud-init/blob/main/tools/ds-identify
     # http://git.annexia.org/?p=virt-what.git;a=blob;f=virt-what.in;hb=HEAD
     {
+        # busybox blkid 不显示 sr0 的 UUID
+        apk add lsblk
+
         if is_dmi_contains "amazon" || is_dmi_contains "ec2"; then
             flavor=aws
         elif is_dmi_contains "Google Compute Engine" || is_dmi_contains "GoogleCloud"; then
@@ -3023,6 +3029,8 @@ get_ubuntu_kernel_flavor() {
             flavor=oracle
         elif is_dmi_contains "7783-7084-3265-9085-8269-3286-77"; then
             flavor=azure
+        elif lsblk -o UUID,LABEL | grep -i 9796-932E | grep -i config-2; then
+            flavor=ibm
         elif is_virt; then
             flavor=virtual-hwe-$releasever
         else